Are Cultures Diminished or Enhanced Through the Process of Globalization?

Are cultures diminished or enhanced through the process of Globalization? An essay by Jaclyn Macdonald- 389686 Globalization offers opportunities but presents problems. Connectivity between cultures is developing at an exponential rate. This has ramifications for individual cultures. Increased interaction, principally through new media and greater global mobility creates opportunities to enhance cultures but it carries with it the risk of cultural erosion as external influences may overwhelm attitudes, beliefs and values.Globalization is defined as ‘a process in which worldwide economic, political, cultural and social relations become increasingly connected across time and space’ (Thompson, 1995, 149). Globalization is not a modern phenomenon and has its precedents in the empires of Spain, France and Britain among others. The progressive development of economic and political ties of these colonial powers took decades or centuries to come to realization.The rapidity of th is process has been greatly accelerated by the technological and communication developments of recent decades that have facilitated a dramatic increase in global economic, political, cultural and social integration. Consequently, the world has become increasingly interdependent in the areas of travel, communications, trading and finances, all of which contribute towards frequent cultural interactions and greater mobility of people. Globalization brings about a rapidly developing and ever increasing density of the network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize present-day social life. Globalization lies at the heart of modern culture; culture practices lie at the heart of globalization. This is the reciprocal relationship’ (Tomlinson, 1999). Globalization alone does not determine the shape and character of culture nor is culture the only influence on globalization. Edward Tyler defined culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society (Thompson, 1991). The evolution of echnology, primarily new social media, has created opportunities for individuals to choose to embrace or dismiss the aspects of the cultures they are exposed to. Additionally, they can run the risk of losing parts of their own cultures to a wave of foreign influences. ‘One of the most widespread theories of cultural globalization is the idea that the world is becoming more uniform and standardized, through a technological, commercial and cultural synchronization emanating from the West’ (Lange, Meier, 2009, 56).Theorists who support cultural homogenization insist that the spread of globalization has lead to an erosion of cultures and traditions. This view infers globalization to be a euphemism for western cultural imperialism, proposing ethnocentricity will eventually eradicate individual cultures. Identity is commonly deemed fundamental to huma n experience ‘Identity is people’s source of meaning and experience’ (Castells, 1997: 6). The ethnocentric view does not recognize that globalization invariably causes individual culture as David Morley comments, migrants ‘moved from a world in which . . identity was not a central concern, to one in which they were pressed . . . to adopt a particular form of individuality’ (Rantanen, 2005). Manuel Castells writes; ‘Our world and our lives are being shaped by the conflicting trends of globalization and identity’. Opposing homogenization theories, Castells explores ‘the widespread surge of powerful expressions of collective identity that challenge globalization . . . on behalf of cultural singularity and people’s control over their lives and environment’ (Castells, 1997: 2).While homogenization theorists suggest that a ‘global culture’ will dominate all others, Castells proposes that the need for identity d rives cultures to remain individual and as such, globalization thus proliferates cultural identities rather than diminishing them. Global homogenization has an impact on culture by directly affecting the production and use of commodities, social relationships, and the dominance of religion in societies. Homogenization†¦ does not affect how people relate to each other and how they find meaning and purpose in life. It leaves largely untouched the freedom and agency of the subjects in the creating and changing culture, both as individual and as groups (Friedman, 1994). Increasing global mobility has produced a fear of the deterioration of cultures however, people are not merely objects of cultural influences but rather, subjects able to consciously discard or assimilate culture. This choice to embrace culture is now augmented.Integrating cultures can contribute to increasing nationalism due to the human need for sense of belonging and identity, Hall writes; ‘when the era of nation-states in globalization begins to decline, one can see a regress to a very defensive and highly dangerous from of national identity which is driven by a very aggressive form of racism (Rantanen, 2005; 97). Nationalism has thrived to accomplish this sense of belonging throughout history and though national identity may not be everlasting it remains today despite increased global mobility.National identities no longer rely on physical location due to media facilitation as people have gained the ability to communicate and access information to connect to their nation. International students at the University of Melbourne encounter this threat to their national identities. They are submerged in a new location for three years or more with cultures incongruent to that of their homeland. They are faced with the diversity of cosmopolitan Melbourne and the culture of the university itself. Isolated from their native culture, international students would easily become overwhelmed by th e lifestyle of their new surroundings.However, through communication programs like Skype, Facebook, and Twitter they are able to stay in closer contact and with greater ease than students in previous times. People of individual cultures naturally relate to others who share their culture and this bond is immediately apparent when viewing the social relationships on the Melbourne University campus. Students of similar backgrounds, ethnicities and languages can often group together on the university campus, insulating themselves from other cultures.Some groups speak in their primary language in order to distinguish themselves from others and of course to communicate more effectively. The difficulty inherent in this is that language can be divisive as well as inclusive. It can be a deterrent to other students initiating a conversation if they feel excluded. Cultural interaction in tutorials is less divided than in the open and unsupervised areas of campus. Though friendships are often f ormed between those of similar cultures, the interactive style of learning typically deems social groups irrelevant.Students necessarily have to communicate more in tutorials with other people. Australia’s tertiary institutions ‘have an important role to play in the shaping of young peoples’ identities and in the development of active citizenship in an increasingly multicultural and globalized society’ (Mansouri, Lobo, 2011). Multicultural tertiary campuses can offer many advantages for their students by facilitating greater social understanding of cultural differences and similarities. Creating a educational environment which nurtures and manages cultural diversity effectively is not an easy task. This management depends on the professional management and governance of teaching and learning activities’, which allows students to develop their full potential’ (Grobler et al. 2006). Increasing numbers of international students have brought abou t a level of insecurity driven by the belief that common values are being eroded because they are distanced from their native lifestyles. The concept, termed deterritorialization, explains the way in which events outside of our immediate localities, ‘action(s) at a distance’ – are increasingly consequential for our experience.Students with migrant backgrounds, who were born in Australia or have lived here for many years, ‘may have issues with their hybrid identity; mediating between two cultures, that of their parents and that of mainstream Australian society’ (Butcher, 2004; 215-216). Specifically, it is argued that people worldwide now develop a bicultural identity, which distracts from their local heritage. When students leave their home country to study in Australia, they are breaking the physical connection to their local heritage. Modern culture is less determined by location because location is increasingly penetrated by ‘distanceâ€℠¢ (Giddens, 1991).Before the advances of communication technologies, people were only aware of their physical surroundings, which limited their reception of information and cultural influences. ‘Places provide an anchor of shared experiences between people and continuity over time†¦ It enables people to define themselves and to share experiences with others and form themselves into communities’ (Bennett, 1998, 103). Global mobility has increased through the process of globalization, which breaks the physical bond between cultural groups.Modern technology works to reconnect people through communication rather than place. ‘In conditions of modernity, place becomes increasingly phantasmagoric: that is to say, locales are thoroughly penetrated and shaped in terms of social influences quite distant from them. (Giddens, 1990: 18-19)’. The customary method of social interaction has in many cultures progressed into global online communication rather than tradi tional face-to-face interaction. The change in interaction method has produced new social relationships. The decreased need for place in communication is evolutionary in culture.People are no longer determined by their physical surroundings as technology provides them with a choice of the information they receive. ‘When we communicate through telephone, radio, or computer, we are physically no longer determined by where and who we are socially (Meyrowitz, 1985: 115). The processes of globalization has evolved concurrently with media technologies, causing telecommunications to be described as the ‘central nervous system’ of the very process of globalization (Castells 1996, Mansell 1994). Media is vital for providing cultural and symbolic resources worldwide, contributing to its success.Barker has observed, ‘globalization has increased the range of sources and resources available for the construction of identity’ (Barker, 1997). According to many theori sts, the sense of place has been fundamentally changed by the arrival of media and communications. ‘Our world is becoming senseless to many because, for the first time in modern history, we are relatively without place; we are part of a global world’. (Meyrowitz, 1985). What many theorists of place have failed to acknowledge is the increasing connectivity, not only between global places, but also within places.Audiences ‘naturally gravitate towards programming choices that appear most relevant or proximate to their own context and thus allow them to seek the pleasure of recognition of their own culture’ (Straubhaar, 1991) or ‘ultimately people like to see something close to their lives’ (Hong, 1998). The process of globalization creates many benefits for enhancing cultures. The evolution of technology, has most significantly, created opportunities for individuals to view culture as a preference rather than compulsory.People are now able to make an informed decision about their adoption of culture through increased information access, ‘the combination of economic, technical, social and cultural resources held by media organizations had meant that ‘quantatively and qualitively†¦ the media have established a decisive and fundamental leadership in the cultural sphere’ (Hall, 1977, p. 341). Many external influences threaten to diminish cultural individuality however; it is the evolutionary influence of globalization, which has allowed culture to be an individual’s choice, which truly enhances culture. References Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis, Minn. : University of Minnesota Press, 1996. †¢ ? Barker, James, Bernard William Tenenbaum, and Fiona Woolf. Governance and regulation of power pools and system operators an international comparison. Washington, D. C. : World Bank, 1997. †¢ ? Bennett, David. Multicultural states rethinking difference and identity. London: Routledge, 1998. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society. Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1996. †¢ ? Castells, Manuel. The power of identity. Malden, Mass. Blackwell, 1997. †¢ ? Coppens, Peter. Ideal man in classical sociology: the views of Comte, Durkheim, Pareto, and Weber. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976. †¢ ? Durkheim, Emile, and George E. G. Catlin. The rules of sociological method. London: Royal National Institute for the Blind, 1976. Print. †¢ ? Flew, Terry. Understanding global media. Basingstoke [England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. †¢ ? Friedman, Jonathan. Cultural identity and global process. London: Sage Publications, 1994. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. â€Å"Chapter 2. † The consequences of modernity.Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1990. 18-19. †¢ ? Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1991. †¢ ? Hall, Alex. Scandal, sensation, and social democracy: the SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. †¢ ? Hall, Stuart. Modernity and its futures. Cambridge: Polity Press in association with the Open University, 1992. ? Hong, Junhao. The internationalization of television in China: the evolution of ideology, society, and media since the reform. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1998. †¢ Lange, Hellmuth, and Lars Meier. The new middle classes globalizing lifestyles, consumerism and environmental concern. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. †¢ ? Mansell, Robin E.. The Management of information and communication technologies: emerging patterns of control. London: Aslib, 1994. †¢ ? Mansouri, Fethi. Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relat ions: looking through the lens of social inclusion.Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. †¢ ? Meyrowitz, Joshua. No sense of place: the impact of electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. †¢ Rantanen, Terhi. The media and globalization. London: SAGE, 2005. †¢ ? Straubhaar, Thomas, and Klaus F. Zimmermann. Towards a European migration policy. Munchen: Volkswirtschaftliche Fakultat der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, 1991. †¢ Thompson, J. B. The Media and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity. 1995. †¢ ? Tomlinson, John. Globalization and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

College Essay Essay

Do we send students to college to grow personally and intellectually or strictly to develop work related skills? In your opinion what should be the purpose of a college education and what do you hope to gain from your personal experience? College is a big step for anyone, especially teenagers, who is still growing up. Unlike in high school where the main focus is the curriculum, college also focuses on developing personality. College is not about papers and tests; it is about growing personally and intellectually while developing work related skills to help in life. A college education involves more than books and tests. It should be an experience a student should never forget. At Southwestern University, the school motto is â€Å"Be Southwestern. † To â€Å"Be Southwestern† students have to be determined and focused. To â€Å"Be Southwestern† students have to be involved. During my visit to Southwestern University, I noticed that for such a small school there are so many opportunities available to learn in variety of environments and participate in campus life. At Southwestern University the campus life consists of music, plays, Greek life, athletic events, religious interests, and preparation for the study abroad program. I have never been out of this country, and one thing I like about Southwestern is the study abroad program. Personally, I have always wanted to go to Italy. Not just because I am in love with Italian food but because it’s so different from America. I want to go to a college that allows me to see the world and experience new things. A college education should help you meet your desire to explore and interact with the world around you. Another thing I like about Southwestern University is how much help is available for students from professors. I want to go to a college that has small class sizes and cares about me as an individual. Every Southwestern University student I’ve talked to has said the professors will know who you are, will always be available for assistance, and will always help you succeed. At Southwestern University, a student is not just a number. The professors there are dedicated to a student’s personal success. Instead of going to a tutor, a student can schedule a simple meeting with the professor to discuss theclass. A little help can go a long way. As a student at Southwestern University, I hope to continue to strengthen my sense of pride and leadership. I have played the game of softball my entire life and hope to continue to play competitively in college. In my college softball experience, I hope to gain a greater inspiration to push myself harder than ever before both, academically and athletically. I hope one day when I look back on my college career I can say that Southwestern made me the student-athlete I always wanted to be. Through my college experiences, I will see the world in a new perspective, developing new intellectual light in a variety of subjects, and engaging in challenging curriculum and discussions. I want to find out who I am and what kind of person I will become, and I strongly believe Southwestern University will help me do that. A college education should additionally develop an individual’s appreciation for history. I go to a high school that is starting to make its history; however, I want to go to a university that has its history already established. As the oldest school in Texas, Southwestern University has many traditions. I want to be able to engage in these traditions and perhaps help make some new ones while I’m there. I don’t just want to be a part of history – I want to make history. A college experience should be one of the best times in a person’s life. The professors, the activities, and the history of the school should help one develop personally and intellectually as a student. I know that my time spent at Southwestern University will make me stronger, confident, and a more independent thinking individual who is ready to face not only challenge of working environment but also whatever life throws at me.

Racial Achievement Gap in the United States Essay

The racial achievement gap in the United States is the educational disparities between various ethnic groups. It is more manifests in African-America and Hispanic. These ethnic groups happen because students of those race are more likely to receive low grade in school, on their standardize test, even drop out of high school and is less likely to even attend college. Each student is independent and gains more equal opportunities as the same as other student who they attend school with. Throughout the American history, the improvement of citizenship in the educational system is the continual process compare with the past, because the minority of the student is even more independent and is equal in the present. However, the unequal economic gap and the different of the individual ability that has led the achievement gap grow in American society today. Over the last couple of years the united states student had make notable in academic achievement but however the racial gap remain the sa me. The favorable academic achievement is necessary to help the student gain the equal access to the education. For most minorities the education would make them have the higher spending on effort, time and money. Particularly, some lower income family student who even give up their education due to financial problem, which lend them to lose the opportunity to accept the higher education. According to the article written by Sabrina Travernise, which quote â€Å"a study that found that gap in the standardized test scores between affluent and lower income students had grown by above 40 percent since the 1960s†. The racial gap testing is now double between the blacks and whites. From 2007 to 2009 the achievement gap for the majority still stayed the same. For example the minority students occupy the large ratio of the poverty student. In many of the lower income families, the student who usually spend much less money in tuition and some of them will still don’t really care abo ut how the education system goes. In situation like this many student have the much weaker academic competition than the students and making most of them get the lower average in the standardized test scores. As a result they are arranged together in the lower level class. Unquestionably they sometime separate most of the white students where they can’t share some of the knowledge with the other kids. Also according to the US Department of Education the event dropout rate is the percentage of high school student who dropped out between beginnings of one school year to the next. Lacking of the educational resource is the most common factor which produces the difference on individual ability between the minority and the white student. Both the family and the school play the essential role in affecting the development the student’s ability. As a presence of the investigation, the children usually have the better IQ number in the good home environment. The difference of the individual ability between the minority student and the white student that makes the achievement gap increase. In today educational system, the student is separated from the different program and school according to their academic degree; this is also the unequal treatment among the different races of students because it never creates the equal opportunity to the lower- GPA minority students. For example, many lower level class students are only taught to use the simple academic skill in class, and then their ability won’t promote in the faster rate. In addition to their natura listic interest are usually ignored due to the less education resource when they are distributed to them. As a result the student won’t have the good prospect in future even if they are educated. The teaching quality and the outcome of the educational resources that both of them have the direct relationship in affecting the achievement gap. Therefore we should make more efforts to improve the current educational system. The educational inequality is differentiating the social class in America. In today’s society, earning the college degree or accepting the higher education have become the foremost condition in finding the job. However, the educational inequality affects the occupational success of people. The most obvious evidence is that the lower income workers have a lot of financial problem. In 2011 72% of African American student structure does affect their educational goal and expectation also they growing up in a single parent homes on educational attainment and success. The government and the people have the responsibility and obligation to aid at the weak group of people. Most Hispanic who is immigrating to American only sees to themselves a high school diploma, where they think it a sufficient amount of schooling. In summary as the circumstances that is placed above, the development of the American economy depend upon the development of the American educational system, which has also the essential impact to people’s life. Therefore, the government should continually improve the rule of educational system. Creating more opportunities and distributing the more educational resources to the minority student no matter how their individual ability is.

GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT Dissertation

GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT - Dissertation Example From this research it is clear that the process of globalization has had great impact on the world economy, and it has increased the level of interaction between different countries. For this reason, it is possible for different countries and companies today to interact and engage in business partnerships. Therefore, companies from various countries are able to conduct business in international markets. Apart from the process of globalization, Radovic-Markovic notes that the internationalization of different companies today has also been fueled by liberalization, which most modern companies have adopted. The adoption of liberalization by companies has resulted in most companies to experience a shift in their organizational structures. For this reason, most companies today no longer exhibit the traditional organizational structures. In addition, the process of globalization has enabled a high level of interaction between cultures. People can move easily from one part of the world to a nother, for different reasons. Nonetheless, businesswise, people today move from one world region to another in search of employment. This has therefore, resulted in countries that are highly multicultural. Similarly, companies have become highly multicultural. This high level of diversity and multiculturalism lays an important role in shaping the behavior of employees in the company. For these reasons therefore, the management of the modern organizations today is faced with the challenge of ensuring harmony in the diverse workplace in order to continue being productive. (Dammen 2001: Perrin n.d ). Nonetheless, this is only achievable, if the companies considered introducing different changes in their operations. 1.2 Problem Definition Over the past decades, the corporate sector has experienced diverse changes due to external and internal forces. According to Head, Yaeger & Sorensen (2010), these changes include structural and behavioral changes. These changes have occurred because of the replacement of traditional systems of organizations with new creative and flexible approaches. Certain internal and

The Homeless Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Homeless - Essay Example Some debates continue on whether the homeless should keep living in such conditions or not and whether the governments of their respective countries have put any effort to alleviate and improve the conditions of the people. The issue is difficult to determine if the homeless should be assisted or the government or other welfare organizations should advance their efforts to address the problem since various factors are important in decision-making. The contributions of the government or non-government organizations are subjected to serious scrutiny and from that, people have come up with their own perspective where any side of the arguments does not support the other, and each provides valid justifications for its position (Lowe 18-22). According to the facts presented by various sides of view of the current problems facing the homeless, it is not easy to decide in favor of any side a person can take in the debate. Those who support the view that homeless individuals should be assiste d argue that it is not a personal choice to be homeless, but it is a matter of circumstances that are beyond their abilities. This is because the income that these people earn does not support their bid to build or rent and sustain themselves in good houses and have enough for their daily consumption. Those who advocate for the assistance of the homeless argue that some circumstances that these people face can only be alleviated by external power that is not from within them because they cannot have enough for that purpose. Getting enough amount of money to support their well-being becomes a struggle for these people and therefore, the government and potential organizations should cooperate to implement the desired changes in the society. Having a home is the provision of basic need to the people who need it and it facilitates good living for all the people who access a place to stay (Robinson 83-84). People who have homes within a context with the homeless to psychological pressure curtail their participation in activities that can alleviate their economic conditions. This means that homelessness does not only affect the victims in the physical ways but also facilitates deterioration of their potential to exploit resources to attain their livelihood. This implies that assisting the homeless to secure homes can improve the condition of the people in the society and enhance the stability of the people in the process of their development (Robinson 85). The proponents for assistance of the homeless argue that the local authority of the areas which have homeless individuals has a legal obligation to provide places to stay and live. This implies that according to the proponents of the debate, if local authorities do not do anything to alleviate the condition, they fail to do their responsibilities to the people in an equitable way. Through fulfilling the mandate of the local authorities, it is possible to conclude that it is legal to provide homes to the people who have none and to facilitate their stay in such places. Neglecting the duty to guarantee shelter to the homeless by the local authority amounts to failure to do the responsibilities that are supposed to be done for the society (Robinson 96). On the other hand, there are other people who are opposed to provision of shelters to any

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Land Law - Essay Example The central idea involved in this phenomenon is the individualism in personal relationships and selfishness which demeans the commitment of the male and female towards each other. The increase in such type of selfish individualism in relationships ships however shows a gradual decline in the rate of divorce and extra marital child births. The tendency of cohabitation is rising even though the system itself is unstable in comparison with the institution of marriage. The commitment towards each other may differ among married couples and cohabitants2. This variety in family reality has slowly but surely found its way into the customs of legal regulation. The hub of family law has exhibited considerable variation. The alterations that have taken place during the past twenty to thirty years in the field of family law have depicted a diminution in the focus placed on the tribulations of married couples. The changing stance of society in respect of unmarried heterosexual couples, families in which only one parent is present and families in which both the parents were of the same sex needed a response that would meaningfully attend to the real and parallel problems created by these associations. Although some experts are of the opinion that there has been a transformation of family law into domestic relations law4 it would be unnecessary to modify the rubric recounting this part of the law if the contention that the very concept of what constitutes a family is itself changing5. The adoption of such a broader ethic in no way requires society to curtail the importance that had been attached to the marriage state and what is being emphasized is that there should be a recognition by the law with regard to the requirements and existence of other types of families. Several ad hoc legal developments have taken place in this respect in the past few years6. The courts have conceded the

Human Resource Development in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resource Development in UK - Essay Example As manpower is cheap in developing countries, these countries could concentrate on providing training for jobs that do not require such high skills. Similarly, there are developing countries that wish to compete with the advanced countries in producing specialized goods and services. To produce high-technology products would require the necessary arrangements and investments for long term research along with expensive and complex production equipment. However, providing the right environment for the skilled human resources would make them perform better. For a job to be done well, not only is a person required to have inherent talent, but also be provided with the latest skills in that particular industry. Sometime, they can be made to have the skill by hiring them from outside the organisation. But it is difficult to achieve this by training and developing the present employees. Human Resource Development (HRD) is a planned curriculum that is used in order to invest in human capital. Development of human resources is one of the most important contributors to the success of the UK economy. It draws on other human resource processes, for example resourcing and performance evaluation, so that the real and probable talent can be recognized. HRD helps to present a structure for self-development, training courses and career progression. We will recover in the following HRD at the environmental level, HRD and the organization, the learning organization, Development programmes, induction, Empowerment and HRD and Leadership development. HRD at the environmental level In order to respond to the changing demands of the job market, human capital development should be in the form of education and skills training. Some skills are a rarity even when there is high employment. Newswire Today reports that in 2007 a report was issued by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC) entitled "UK Skills: Making the Grade". This report was based on a survey of over 300 employers in the UK. According to this report, 55% of the employers who were evaluated were finding it more difficult to employ skilled workers now as compared to the five years ago. In order to find a solution to this problem, in the same year the UK Government announced the major expansion in skills investment for England of over 11 billion for each of the next three years. The total spending on learning and skills is likely to increase to 12.3 billion in a year by 2010/11. This is comparing with the 6.5 billion spent in 2001/02 (Department for Innovation, Universities & Skills, n.d.). There are many differences in education and training levels in the many countries around the world. For example, in Germany, they consider technology and production as high status activities. In their opinion, to succeed in some areas, employees must have a high level of technical training. Thus German businesses give greater importance to technical advantage than those in the UK. In the UK, it is not only technology that is important but other areas as well, even the ones unconnected to the engineering and technical side. A case in point could be the Film Industry in Britain. It is only recently that the Film Industry has been credited, but it is a fact that the UK has tried to make it successful. For this purpose, the Film Industry